The
Cat's Meow
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| Issue 3, vol 6 |
In A Cat's Eye |
February 28, 2007
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Cat Eyes: Mysteries Revealed By R. G. Kirk
 I see you!
Why do a cat's eyes glow? Can cats see in total darkness? Can they see in color? Why are a cat's eyes so large in comparison with the rest of their bodies? Why are a cat's pupils shaped differently than ours?
For thousands of years, cats have been a source of fascination and mystery. Yet it has only been in recent times that many of their secrets have been revealed through modern science and our knowledge of physics and biology.
For thousands of years, cats have been a source of fascination and mystery. Yet it has only been in recent times that many of their secrets have been revealed through modern science and our knowledge of physics and biology.
One of the most remarkable features of a cat's anatomy is its large, captivating eyes. Their significant size in relation to the rest of its body is more than a thing of beauty; this size ratio serves an important function. Large eyes allow for more massive internal structures: a larger pupil, lens and retina. This enables additional light to enter the eye, thereby facilitating night-vision. Hence, cats are better suited for low light conditions. Note that owls, bats, and other nocturnal (active during the night) animals also have very pronounced eyes.
Cats have the added benefit of possessing distinctive, elliptically shaped pupils. These pupils can rapidly dilate to an incredible degree, in order to permit even more light to enter the inside of the eye. In contrast, they can also constrict into tiny slits in the presence of bright light, in order to protect their sensitive internal eye structures. Ongoing studies are determining other possible benefits of elliptically shaped pupils. Some scientists theorize that an elliptically shaped pupil would allow for extra wavelengths of light to stimulate additional focal zones along the length of the lens of a cat's eye. This may mean that cats not only can see in color (this has already been proven due to the presence of anatomical structures in their retinas called "cones," that process color information), but they may also be able to unexpectedly see sharp, detailed color images, even under low light conditions.
Cats also possess a structure not found in the eyes of humans, called the tapetum lucidum, a Latin phrase meaning "bright carpet." This amazing mechanism magnifies and reflects the light entering a cat's eye, allowing the cat's retina to absorb extra light. Again, this enhances the animal's night-vision. It is this specialized structure that reflects light, causing the eyes of a cat to "glow" in the dark when you shine a light at it.
Studies performed on this tapetum lucidum with an electron microscope suggest that this reflection of light occurs inside the eye of a cat with a minimum of scattered light, thereby reducing image blurring. Although studies indicate that cats are not the only animal species to possess a tapetum, a cat's tapetum is specifically designed to reflect the particular wavelengths of light in the environment in which it lives.
Because a cat's eyes are developed specifically for low light situations, cats are the ideal nocturnal predator. Yet, just like humans, cats require a small amount of light to see. In the depths of a subterranean cavern, in the absence of any light source, a cat would be as blind as any other mammal. With all of our modern achievements and discoveries, scientists are still striving to learn more about how cat's eyes process light. How a cat's eye works is still not completely understood. Many individuals incorrectly assume that cats cannot see in color. Others, who are more educated in this respect, maintain that they can see in color, although imperfectly, and only at certain distances. In the near future, scientists may discover that cat's can see colors with clarity and precision, even under low light conditions.
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After receiving her doctorate in 2001, R. G. Kirk has published numerous articles on a wide range of topics. She is currently the marketing director for http://www.cruisecat.com - a company that provides international travel opportunities, and focuses on luxury pet vacations.
Furnished to TCM by InspirationLine.com
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'Bionic' Cat Eyes May Help Humans
COLUMBIA, Mo. - Gingersnap, a 4-year-old Abyssinian, rolled lazily on the examining table while Dr. Kristina Narfstrom rubbed the cat's cinnamon-colored head.
Then, using a special viewer, Narfstrom peered deep into Gingersnap's eyes to measure the 4-year-old cat's losing battle with a disorder that is slowly killing her retinas, the thin film at the back of the eyeball that makes sight possible.
"By the time she's 5, she'll probably be blind," said Narfstrom, a veterinary ophthalmologist at the University of Missouri-Columbia.
Gingersnap's condition is similar to retinitis pigmentosa, an incurable genetic disease in humans that strikes one out of every 3,500 Americans and often causes blindness. Narfstrom, who discovered the feline version of the disease among Abyssinians in her native Sweden, is implanting special silicon chips in partially blind cats in a bid to help replace or possibly repair diseased retinas in humans.
Retinitis pigmentosa attacks the eye's photoreceptor cells, also called rods and cones, that register light and color.
The chips, which provide their own energy, have shown encouraging results in clinical human trials, in some cases improving sight in people with retinitis pigmentosa or at least slowing the disease's development. Narfstrom said chips have been implanted in 30 people.
Narfstrom's cats will help researchers fine-tune the chips' performance and train physicians on surgical techniques to implant the devices, because the structure of cat eyes is similar to human eyes.
The 2-millimeter-wide chips, developed by Optobionics Corp. of Naperville, Ill., are surgically implanted in the back of eye. Each chip's surface is covered with 5,000 microphotodiodes that react to light, sending electric signals along the eye's optic nerve to the brain.
"We're placing it right where the photoreceptors are and if they're lacking, this is supposed to replace what they're doing," she said. "At this point, its impulses of light they're seeing (as opposed to images), but the aim of the research is to get more information out of the chip."
Besides helping slow the advance of the disease, studies suggest that the electric currents generated by the chips may be regenerating damaged photoreceptors surrounding the implants.
Narfstrom said she should know in about two years whether the implants are actually encouraging retinal cells in her cats to grow.
The Optobionics chip is just one of many research paths now swarming with scientists looking for ways to protect and restore sight.
Besides genetic therapy, which is seen as a good tool to fight hereditary disorders, researchers are also looking to use stem cells to rebuild damaged retinal cells. Others are looking for substances that could trick healthy retinal cells surrounding the photoreceptors to take over for their diseased counterparts.
Then there are the many attempts, like Optobionics, of creating artificial sight. Some efforts include miniature video cameras that pipe images straight to the brain, devices that send signals to a network of miniature electrodes attached to the retina or chips that eventually could graft themselves to retinal cells, creating a cyborg-like system for producing images.
A French company is conducting trials for an implant that would release proteins in the eyeball to offset the damage done to retinal cells, perhaps indefinitely.
Tim Schoen, director of research development for the Foundation Fighting Blindness, a Baltimore area group that funds researchers, said technology to provide prosthetic sight is especially encouraging.
"This offers great hope to individuals who have completely lost vision," said Schoen, whose group is not involved in the Optobionics chip. "We can treat these patients with gene therapy, but once the photoreceptors die, we have to replace them with stem cells or one of these artificial methods."
Machelle Pardue, a researcher at Emory University and the Veterans Administration Hospital in Atlanta, who is working with Narfstrom on the Optobionics chip, said she's glad she's not the only one doing such research.
"I think it's helpful because we all have slightly different ideas and expertise," Pardue said. "In some respect, we are competing to find a product that will work, but that's advantageous to the patients because it provides an incentive to move forward."
--------------- Copyright 2007 Associated Press/AP Online
Reprinted from Mattoon, IL Journal-Gazette
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Barbwire Cats by David Perry
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Part Two: Ra-oula’s Story (continued from Part One: Clayton's Story)
In 1941 The Great Attack came to Barbwire, California. This attack was a boundless ocean of rats and Barbwire was going to need every single kitty-cat it could get its hands on! Before the Rat-War, there had never been any cats in Barbwire. Now, not only were they here, they were genuine, honest-to-goodness celebrities ...
Installment 11
My name is Ra-oula. Everybody calls me Lupe, Clay’s little white cat. But my secret name, the name left for me by the Elders, is Ra-oula which, in Furless, means White Angel. I have knowledge of things that I have never seen. I know many things that I have never learned, and I have seen places that I have never been. I know two different kinds of things; things that I have learned during my own life, and things remembered, gathered together, and left for me by my Kind. If I learn anything new, and if it’s important enough, it will be added to The Memory of my kind. But after so many thousands of generations, most of us living today will not leave anything new
The Memory shows me a small fire. A Furless One is eating. I see a rat; it is eating too, eating the Furless One’s food. I feel an overpowering hatred toward the rat. I hear the Furless One make a loud noise, and see it wave its front legs at the rat. The rat looks at him, and then it keeps eating.
Furless Fool, I’ll show you how my Kind deals with vile, filthy rats.
I find the breeze; it must blow toward my face if I am to hunt. I move so very slowly. I become the soil, the bush, the rock. I know that I can not be seen, can not be heard. I breathe shallow and quiet. I step, one…foot…at…a…time, patience, patience.
Words come to me; she who hunts the slowest, eats the soonest. I pause between steps and stand stone-still, then slowly forward. When cover runs out, I crouch down as small as I can. I wiggle all of my strength down my body, down to my back legs. I close my world down. Nothing exists but me and the rat.
In an explosion of power, I leap forward. In one motion, without slowing, without mercy, I bite into the rat and keep running. I run with the rat in my jaws, until I’m out of sight of the Furless one. I stop to see if he is chasing me, to get his rat back. No. He must know that it would be pointless.
In time, the rats are sent to bring plague to the Furless Ones. I see two armies preparing for a final, winner-take-all battle. An endless valley is filled with countless millions of rats; their ranks reach all the way to the horizon. And in the distance, a tall mountain is beautifully alive with a million of my Kind, preparing for war. The battle races by my eyes in short, gruesome visions. When it’s over, all of the rats are dead. But the number of my Kind has fallen from a million, to only a few hundred. My heart is aching.
The Memory tells me, Ra-oula, do not mourn. This war had to be fought. The rats were destroying the whole world. This war, ten thousand years ago, almost cost us our entire Kind. But never forget, in the end, and still to this day, it is our Kind that has triumphed.
The Memory becomes more and more about the Furless Ones. I am hunting rats in ships on the ocean, in grain bins, in grass huts and palaces alike, in tiny villages and giant cities. I know that wherever the Furless Ones are, the rats will go. And wherever there are rats, the Furless Ones will always want me there.
Still, The Memory races by. Many Furless Ones now feed me whether I hunt or not. We live together in the same houses. Our lives, and our destinies, are intertwined. Some treat me as their own kind. I have helped to give them a better life, and they share it with me.
Now The Memory slows down for me. I see a little-one of my kind, newly born, eyes still not opened, unable yet, to walk. It is white. It is in a pile of dirty papers and rotten food, and very sick. Then I see my Furless! He takes the white little-one from the lonely place. He takes it with him to my house! As the little-one grows, the two of them become very close, as though they are of one Kind. Then I hear him calling, “Lupe! Lupe!” It is me he is calling. I feel so happy that I fear that I will die of happiness!
I am growing old now, and I am afraid. Not for myself, not at all. I am afraid for him. I know that he needs me. I worry what will happen to him when I have gone.
Nobody knows him like I do. When he is sick, I keep him company. When he is sad, I act the clown. I run, I flip, I chase shadows, I attack his feet and fall over dead, as if from the smell. If that does not work, I just sit with him, so he knows that he is not alone. And when he is happy, we rejoice together.
But I have one small hope. There is another of my Kind. It is in my garage. My Furless takes some of my food to it every day. I have not seen it, but I know it is a male. A male is not the best one to take my place, but as my Furless says, you must play the hand you are dealt.
It is time to meet the new Rawrhah-pdddrrup. I am not sure what to do! I have never even been near another of my Kind before! But The Memory will know. My Furless opens the door. I walk into my garage and see the Rawrhah-pdddrrup.
He is a giant compared to me, and wild. I can see the ugly marks of many fights. He makes threats at me. The memory says, do not listen to him, show contempt, and insult him! I walk in a circle around him, sniffing at him. He watches me but does not move.
I smell a faint odor of dogs on him. I look in his eyes and tell him that he stinks. His eyes grow wide with fury, and his threats grow worse. Do not listen! Do not fear! Insult him again! It is the only way! I sniff at him some more, and I hiss the meanest, most offensive insult in my language, you smell like a DOG!! ……OK, now what do I do???
(Continued in the next issue of The Cat's Meow)
David Perry lives in the High Desert of southern California
with his two cats, Psycho and Lupe. His first novel "WHISPERING CATS" is due out mid-year 2007.
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